I came across a fascinating book by Dr. Michio Kaku, he of the wizened smile topped by a cloud of wavy white hair, and who is a frequent sight on science programs. This book, entitled "The Future of Humanity," an arresting title to be sure, is a science-based glimpse into what our species could become in the coming millennia. I appreciate that he doesn't make any value-based judgments or use thundering oratory to condemn us to our eventual self-destruction. Books about the future without that are difficult to find.
In the book, Dr. Kaku discusses what evolution and technological enhancements might occur as we voyage into the far future. His focus is on our ability to voyage ever further into space to explore the sun's family of planets, even reaching out to the Kuiper Belt and the Oort cloud, repositories of comets reaching nearly half the distance to the closest star. Trying to plan and execute such voyages runs up against two brick walls, the incredible distances involved, and the fragility of humans.
During the heyday of the Space Race, we all just assumed that once we reached the moon, going to Mars would be the next step, just a few years off. What we've learned since is how dangerous a place space is, and the multitude of hazards that exist.
The obvious one is collision. There are a lot of objects whizzing around out there, most of which are pretty small. But even a grain of sand slamming into the side of a spacecraft at 10,000 mph would likely end such a mission in disaster. Secondly, space is full of dangerous radiation, most coming from our very own sun. The normal radiative flux is dangerous enough to humans. Occasionally the sun enters a more rambunctious "mood" and flings enormous flares off of its surface, sending planet-sized clouds of charge particles flying through the Solar System. The Apollo astronauts were extremely fortunate to have not been on the moon during one of these events. The effects would have been deadly. For a crew sailing enroute to the planets, the danger is very real. The current solution is to encase the spacecraft in a girdle of water, which has the ability to stop such intrusions.