Copyright © 2017
by Ralph F. Couey
The morning rain had given way to a light mist and a warm, palpable humidity, an unfamiliar sensation after bone-dry Colorado. Leaving the glass and steel towers of downtown Baltimore behind, we carefully drove between two brick pillars that separated the rough industrial infrastructure of the port from the red brick and deep green grass of the grounds of Fort McHenry.
The War of 1812 is probably, along with Korea, the least known and understood of America's historical conflicts. The seeds of war were sown at first in the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. On June 22, 1807, the British warship HMS Leopard encountered and hailed the American frigate USS Chesapeake in the waters off Norfolk, Virginia. A British officer boarded and presented Captain James Barron with a warrant for British deserters. Captain Barron refused the warrant and sent the officer back to the Leopard. The situation quickly escalated when Leopard opened fire on the Chesapeake. The American ship had just put to sea prepared for a long voyage and her decks were cluttered with freight, and her guns unloaded. In response to the barrage, Chesapeake managed only one return shot. With his ship damaged and dead and wounded among his crew, Captain Barron struck his colors and surrendered. The British removed four crewmen from the Chesapeake, one of whom was eventually hanged. Captain Barron, upon his return to port, was court-martialed.
The news was received in America with indignation and fury. The systematic impressment of American merchant sailors, many in US territorial waters by the British added fuel to the growing fire. Also, the British were materially supporting the effort of a coalition of Native American tribes to control what was then called the Northwest Territories (modern-day Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota), which resulted in numerous clashes along the disputed border. Adding to all this was the persistent clamor among American politicians for annexation of British Canada and Spanish Florida. While this was all a big deal in the U.S., Britain was largely unaware of the deteriorating situation in her former colonies, being neck-deep in yet another continental war with France. So it was with a great deal of surprise when on June 18, 1812, President James Madison asked congress for a declaration of war.